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Despite his 75 years, Hu Qiaomu, the chief guardian of Maoist doctrine and a leading Communist Party theorist, climbed the four flights of stairs as if he relished the task. His destination: the Peking apartment of Playwright Wu Zuguang, 70, an outspoken critic of conservatism in the party and a strong advocate of free speech. Once inside, Hu recited a litany of Wu's ideological sins. The message was clear: leave the party or be expelled. Wu quit on the spot...
...Nikita Khrushchev was swept from power 23 years ago for attempting reforms far less daring than Gorbachev's. More recently, when Deng Xiaoping's economic liberalization in China began to spill over into the political sphere, hard-liners rose up and forced the ouster of reformist Communist Party Chief Hu Yaobang early this year. Even if such internal party opposition does not stop Gorbachev, how far can he push change without unleashing democratic forces that could ultimately destabilize Soviet society? Mindful of that danger, Gorbachev warned the editors and propagandists that openness "is not an attempt to undermine socialism...
Late last year, when Deng himself moved toward acknowledging the criticism, the reform campaign began to run out of steam. He accepted the ouster of his protege, Hu Yaobang, from the important post of party General Secretary and slowed down measures to expand China's fledgling market economy. Debate on political reform, especially sensitive after the demonstrations, was shelved. With Deng apparently on their side, the conservatives pressed ahead with their campaign against capitalist thinking and Western influence...
Meanwhile, Deng shrewdly continued to groom his other protege, Premier Zhao Ziyang, who last January took on the discredited Hu's responsibilities as party General Secretary. At first, Zhao's official speeches outlined a delicate balance of power, with the conservatives dominating the political sphere and the reformists managing to keep control of the economy. With tacit encouragement from Deng, however, Zhao soon grew bolder. In April he faced down a conservative decision to bar a Chinese movie from overseas distribution. In late May the Premier denounced the conservatives' "ossified thinking," which he said endangered the livelihood of the people...
...that believe that suppression of speech is justified, and indeed dictated by the common good, and the need for national security. Such nations ban authors, and regulate what the press can and cannot say. They can even justify violence, and murders in the name of the "community good." Arthur Hu...