Word: hulagu
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...rock, accessible only by a precarious path above a 200 foot drop. From this seemingly impregnable strong hold Hassan-i-Sabbah, the 'Old Man of the Mountains,' had ruled . . . and his successors had sat like spiders at the center of their web, for 170 years until Hulagu and his Mongols stormed over the pass...
...with the fall of the Ommiad caliphate in 750 and the shift of the Arab imperial capital to Baghdad, Syria once again became a pawn, subjected to the Byzantines, the Seljuk Turks, the Mamelukes of Egypt, the Crusaders, the Mongols of Hulagu Khan and, finally, in 1516, the Ottoman Turks. Not until World War I, when Lawrence of Arabia and Sherif Hussein of Mecca set Arab nationalism ablaze, did ravaged Syria at last emerge from the long night of Ottoman rule. And then, at the moment when the Arabs thought the land at last theirs, they discovered that the British...
...nonpolitical Development Board, and awarded it 70% of all state oil revenues, so that the whole nation, not just a few wealthy princes, would benefit. The board set out to recreate in the Valley of the Two Rivers the verdant paradise that existed before the marauding Mongols of Hulagu Khan in 1258 wrecked the ancient irrigation system and dried up the Garden of Eden...
...nonpolitical National Development Board that by law gets 70% of state oil revenues, and spends the money ($204 million in 1955) on a vast plan to recreate in the Valley of the Two Rivers the sort of terrestrial paradise that existed there before the marauding Mongols under Hulagu Khan wrecked its irrigation system...
What happened? It was not nature that changed. The land remains, the rains still fall, the rivers flow in the same measure. But under the pounding of warriors and nomads, the ancients' brilliantly intricate system of water conservation disintegrated. Hulagu Khan- and his Mongol hordes rode out of Central Asia, smashed Mesopotamia's elaborate crisscross of canals and dehydrated the Garden of Eden. The waiting Bedouin nomads advanced into the Sinai and Negeb like locusts when Roman and Byzantine authority declined. They demolished vaults, run-off canals and 300-ft. reservoirs. Their goats and camels pushed over terraces...
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