Word: humanize
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...Secretary of Health and Human Services boldly announced in 1984 that there would be an AIDS vaccine within two years. The discovery of an AIDS-causing virus (HIV), she said, was already demonstrating "the triumph of science over a dreaded disease...
...human immune system does not mount an attack against a single target on HIV. Instead, the body deploys many dozens of antibodies - the researchers cloned 502 antibodies from the six patients - and together they attack many different virus targets. Individually, each antibody may have little effect, but as a group - or even in lab-created packages of 20 to 50 antibodies - they seem to confer some protection against disease progression. "It's the first time that anybody's really looked at what the antibody response is," says senior investigator Michel Nussenzweig, head of the Rockefeller University's Laboratory of Molecular...
...sounds simple. But this reverse-engineering approach, finding inspiration for new vaccines by studying HIV immunity in nature, would have been impossible back in 1984 - or, indeed, until just a few years ago. Too little was known about the virus's structure or about the human immune system in general. One recent necessary breakthrough, Nussenzweig says, was finding a way to identify the blood cells that create HIV-specific antibodies. It was only after those cells could be separated from the bloodstream that scientists like Nussenzweig and Johannes Scheid, the first author on the Nature paper, could begin to study...
...fact, the search for an AIDS vaccine has been thwarted over and over by the tricky, unexpected nature of HIV, whose behavior is only now coming to be understood. The human immune system does not appear to develop an effective response to HIV simply by being exposed to a virus surface protein or two - an approach that has worked for many other vaccines in the past. A hepatitis B shot, for example, contains rearranged, nonpathogenic bits of the virus that causes the liver disease. The body produces antibodies in response to the vaccine, conferring immunity to the live virus...
...first image of Agnes Varda’s exhibition “Les Veuves de Noirmoutier” (“The Widows of Noirmoutier”) at the Carpenter Center’s Sert Gallery. Instead, just a table, long and bare, stands on an empty beach. Without human presence, the table looks out of place and useless, as if its only purpose were to disrupt the stretched smoothness of the coast. As the widows trickle in and out of the next four photographs, they circle around the table, leaning on it and then looking away, suggesting perhaps that...