Word: humanizes
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...obstacle to President Clone will come if cloning carries serious side effects. Dolly the sheep, it turns out, has prematurely aged cells, probably attributable to the fact that she is the biological extension of an animal that was already an adult. Human clones could have the same problem--plus cloning-related mental or behavioral defects that might not be apparent in a sheep...
...wake human cells stuck in the "off" position? Dermatologists won't know for sure until they try; they also won't know about side effects (SHH in big doses can trigger skin cancer, though the mice have shown no sign of it so far). But the research suggests that the new hope genetics is bringing to victims of cancer and other devastating diseases may also cover the merely bald...
...entirely appropriate," she said with a straight face, "since the DNA molecules added to embryos are totally organic." She noted also that the treatment was "all-natural," since the added genes were produced naturally by cultured cells and were indistinguishable from those found in other members of the human population...
Germ-line genetic engineering was first performed successfully on animals and plants in the 1980s. By the end of the 2nd millennium, no geneticist doubted the potential for applying the technology to humans as well. But at that time, scientific understanding of human genes was still fragmentary...
...completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 changed everything. The project itself provided scientists with a catalog of every human gene. But over the following decade, pharmaceutical companies put this catalog to use in studies of very large numbers of people. Among the many important findings of these studies was the discovery that for nearly every disease, there were at least a small number of people who carried specific and powerful "protecting" genes. By 2020, the list of such "natural protection" genes had expanded dramatically to cover all major infectious and noninfectious diseases...