Word: husserl
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Continent, the philosophical revolt took a different form. Germany's Edmund Husserl developed a "descriptive science" that he called phenomenology. His method was to examine and describe a particular experience-at the same time mentally blocking off any speculations about its origin or significance, any memories of similar experiences. By this act of epoche, a deliberate suspension of judgment, Husserl felt that the mind could eventually intuit the essence of the object being studied. Husserl's bafflingly difficult approach influenced such modern existentialist philosophers as Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre...
...philosophy an analysis of meaning, it shares with existentialism the theory that our acts determine, or constitute, our ego. "This same element of ego-constitution recurs in all the existentialists," Follesdal said, "although for Kierkegaard, the ego-determining effects of our acts appear to be more abiding than for Husserl; for Sartre, they appear to be less abiding...
Frege solved the latter by distinguishing between a name's meaning (here, 'bewinged horse,' etc.) and its reference (none). Likewise, Husserl distinguished between an act's meaning or noema and its object...
When we think of a centaur, Follesdal explained, "our act of thinking has a noema, but no object; because of its noema, however, even such an act is directed. What Husserl did was, in a sense, to combine the theory of intentionality with the theory of name meaning-reference...