Word: hydrogenating
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...ultraviolet spectrometer, about the size and shape of a window box, will provide new information about the solar flares that erupt now and then from the sun's atmosphere, appearing as tongues of luminous gas flicking outward around sun spots. During a flare, clouds of ionized hydrogen gas--protons and electrons--shoot out, filling interplanetary space with intense radiation. When these clouds encounter the earth and pass through the earth's magnetic field into the polar regions, they produce the northern lights, and cause short-wave radio transmission to fade or black...
...science of radio astronomy, which has added to knowledge of the universe through radio telescopes tuned to various frequencies at the radio end of the electromagnetic spectrum. (The Harvard 60-foot radio telescope, for example, listens to 21-centimeter waves, the wavelength of emissions from neutral hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe...
Miss Arendt's realistic pessimism about the prospects for revolutions that will "constitute freedom" is the keystone of a world view which postulates the disappearance of war. She thinks that the destructive power of hydrogen bombs precludes their use in "rational" conflicts. When war has disappeared from the political landscape, revolution will remain as the only violent catalyst of social change...
Where, then, can this vast amount of energy come from? Hoyle and Fowler rule out hydrogen fusion and other nuclear reactions that go on in the sun. Such reactions do not take place suddenly enough, or provide enough energy. The only reasonable remaining source of energy is gravitation, which can grow incredibly strong when a very large amount of matter is gathered together. This energy is released when something happens that permits a large mass of material to fall toward a center of gravitational attraction...
Relativistic Limit. A galactic explosion starts, say Hoyle and Fowler, when a large mass of gas accumulates in the center of a galaxy's nucleus. The gas behaves like a very large star, equal in mass to 100 million suns. For a while it burns hydrogen and changes it to helium just as normal stars do, and the temperature in its center rises to 70 million degrees. Then the star burns its helium, forming heavier elements. Its central temperature rises to 500 million degrees, while its powerful gravitation causes it to shrink toward its superheated middle. In spite...