Word: hydrogenating
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...time it ended, just a couple hundred million years later, the universe was alight with young stars gathered into nascent galaxies. It was during the Dark Ages that the chemical elements we know so well--carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and most of the rest--were first forged out of primordial hydrogen and helium. And it was during this time that the great structures of the modern universe--superclusters of thousands of galaxies stretching across millions of light-years--began to assemble...
...Some regions were a tiny bit denser than average and some a little more sparse. Most of the stuff in it--then and still today--was the mysterious dark matter that nobody has yet identified, largely because it doesn't produce light of any sort. The rest was mostly hydrogen, with a bit of helium mixed in. So far, the universe hadn't done much of anything...
...start of the dark ages, there were no galaxies, no stars, no planets. Even if there had been, we wouldn't be able to spot them. That's because hydrogen-gas clouds are nearly opaque to visible light; no ordinary telescope will ever be able to see what happened afterward. Yet somehow the matter that started as a sea of individual atoms managed to transform itself into something more. So back in the early 1990s, Loeb began lobbying theorists to make a major push to deduce through computer simulations how the first stars formed. The plan was to re-create...
...ideology as flesh--and al-Qaeda has largely devolved or maybe evolved into a franchise operation. Radical groups in various countries are largely self- activated and self-sustaining, though they may check in with top management before a major assault, as did the Saudi cell that in 2003 plotted hydrogen cyanide attacks in the New York City subways. Al-Qaeda No. 2, Ayman al-Zawahiri, called off that scheme, preferring, U.S. officials believed, to prepare for something bigger...
...electricity is still cheaper than gas-produced power. Supercritical - and now ultra-supercritical - boilers have an additional advantage: they can be retrofitted into older, dirtier plants. Another, slightly less efficient, way to use coal is through integrated gasification combined cycle (igcc) technology, which gasifies coal and uses the resulting hydrogen and carbon monoxide mix to spin the turbines...