Word: hydrogenized
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...other telescopic measurements of the satellite, a body as large as the planet Mercury, Sagan and his colleagues conclude that Titan is relatively much warmer (about-100° F.) than previously estimated. It also has a thicker atmosphere than had been suspected and is leaking small quantities of hydrogen gas into space. Pondering these surprising conditions on Titan, the Cornell group has evolved a picture of a strange and turbulent world...
...earth is, Sagan explains that Titan's atmosphere must be producing a significant "greenhouse effect"-that is, trapping more heat under its clouds than it radiates back into space. He speculates that those clouds may consist of rust-red organic compounds floating in a thick atmosphere of hydrogen, methane and ammonia coughed up by volcanic eruptions. Exposed to the sun's radiation, the gases could form into complex organic compounds, including sugars, purines and even amino acids. Such a mix of ingredients is akin to the primordial "soup" that is believed to have given rise to the first...
Propulsion for the Mars craft will come from an engine not yet developed, perhaps the proposed NERVA (for Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications). It consists of a small nuclear reactor that heats liquid hydrogen until it is expelled as a jet of white-hot gas. To kick out of earth orbit (which requires much less thrust than an earth launch), the 270-ft.-long ships will fire-and then discard-the two outboard NERVAs strapped to their sides; the main booster, at the center of the engine cluster, will be retained. Then, as the two ships pull away from...
Scientists at the Common Market's Euratom research center in Ispra, near Milan, are working on a process that they say can cut the cost of hydrogen in half. This process subjects ordinary water to the 800° C. heat of a nuclear reactor. At such temperatures, the hydrogen and oxygen in the water begin to separate; each can then be combined with other chemicals and eventually extracted from them. Dr. Cesare Marchetti, head of Euratom's materials division, predicts: "By improving the technology through experience, we can push the costs of hydrogen fuel down by perhaps...
...still involves certain risks. Many scientists oppose the proliferation of nuclear reactors, which create lethal wastes and might accidentally release disastrous amounts of radioactivity. The spread of reactors appears to be inevitable, however, in view of the increasing demand for power and the dwindling reserves of conventional fuels. Hydrogen also scares people who cannot forget the fiery end of the dirigible Hindenburg in 1937. Nevertheless, German industry daily pumps hydrogen through 185 miles of pipeline, and researchers at Oklahoma State University use it to power four experimental cars that produce almost no pollution. It even has been used...