Word: hydrogens
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...escape valves has heat - apparently from the decay of radioactive materials - that has been years up within the earth since its birth billions of years ago. The earth's surface once bubbled with thousands of volcanoes. Their vapors formed the first atmosphere - a noxious brew of hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water - and set the stage for the initial stirrings of life...
...Nothing will ever equal that moment of joyous excitement," wrote Jacques Charles after making man's first ascent by hydrogen balloon in 1783. "It was not mere pleasure; it was perfect bliss...
...helium-filled tubes wired to an external oscilloscope. The detection apparatus was shielded in lead and cadmium cylinders and a foot-thick "pot" to block everything but neutrinos. As the particles barreled through the heavy water, some scored bull's-eye hits on the nuclei of its hydrogen atoms, which contain an extra neutron. These collisions produced other particles, including more neutrons that struck the helium-filled tubes and registered on the oscilloscope...
...complications continue at the refinery. Heavy oil molecules, compared with those in lighter crudes, have a higher proportion of carbon atoms and fewer hydrogen atoms. Since the energy potential of oil depends on the number of hydrogens, 40% to 50% of a barrel of heavy oil comes out as low-energy, low-priced products, such as industrial fuel oil and bunker oil for ships. Getting more gasoline requires a multimillion-dollar investment in complex equipment to break down these heavy residual fuels...
...that turns out, on closer inspection, to be an assortment of bombers at a top-secret airfield in the Soviet Union. There are also high-altitude views of submarines nestling alongside their mother ships on the coast of the Barents Sea; a lunar-like landscape that is a Soviet hydrogen-bomb test site; a graceful triangular pattern deep in central Asia that marks the Tyuratam launch site for Soviet space shots and missiles...