Word: hydrogens
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...February, barely two months after Soviet authorities unexpectedly released him from internal exile, Andrei Sakharov created a worldwide sensation by turning up at an international forum in Moscow. Sakharov, 65, a nuclear physicist often described as the "father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb" and a courageous defender of human rights in his homeland, spent nearly seven years under virtual house arrest with his wife Elena Bonner in the closed city of Gorky. During the February forum, Sakharov delivered three speeches eloquently expressing his concerns about human rights, U.S.-Soviet relations and the nuclear arms race. He made a slightly edited...
...principle divide every nuclear charge into four relatively independent systems: electronic, ballistic, atomic and (for a hydrogen device) thermonuclear. The reliability of the first three systems can be confirmed by laboratory tests supplemented by experiments in which a low-yield fission or fusion reaction releases a small quantity of neutrons, which can be measured by a counter close to the charge to be tested. The fourth system -- thermonuclear -- does not require testing in the majority of cases, since its reliability may be established by analogy to previously tested charges based on the same physical and design principles. At the same...
...degrees, and elements like silicon, sulfur and platinum, synthesized by the star, began spewing out over a vast region of space, where they will form clouds of gas and dust that can coalesce into new stars and planets. Indeed, most of the elements abundant on earth today, except hydrogen, were cooked up in some star that became a supernova. Says Woosley: "The calcium in our bones, the iron in hemoglobin and the oxygen we all breathe came from explosions like this...
...diameter of the Milky Way. At the time the light viewed by Spinrad left 3C 326.1, which was 12 billion years ago, the new galaxy was forming sun-size stars at the rate of about 3,000 to 5,000 a year. But it still consisted largely of ionized hydrogen gas that & would eventually condense into billions of additional stars. It was a late bloomer, Spinrad says, because astronomers think most galaxies formed 14 billion years...
During the past 20 years the soft-spoken physicist has undergone a remarkable transformation in the eyes of his countrymen. Once he was a highly decorated scientist who in the 1950s helped develop the first Soviet hydrogen bomb; by the early 1970s he had become an outcast among his own people as a result of his relentless campaign for human rights and disarmament. In 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but was not allowed to go to Oslo to receive it. In January 1980 he was arrested by the KGB after criticizing the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan...