Word: ibm
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...recent years, IBM has lost share in market after market, including personal computers. But the massive cuts are mainly a signal that IBM is finally acknowledging a fundamental change in its core mainframe-computer business. For years, Big Blue has tried to ignore the market's shift away from the closet-size number crunchers to less expensive but powerful desktop computers and workstations. Now declining sales of mainframes have forced IBM to face up to the transition...
...enabled Mac enthusiasts to replace the beep with a boing, a clink-clank or a monkey's chirp. Finally, last spring Microsoft put sound- control software in the latest version of its Windows program, extending the power to customize a computer's noises to the 90 million owners of IBM PCs and compatible machines...
...agreements put an end to dumping and helped American chipmakers gain a 16% share of the Japanese market, a historic high. (Japan insists that the figure is closer to 20% when IBM shipments of chips to its Japanese subsidiary are counted.) Motorola makes the chips that operate Canon's single-lens-reflex camera, for instance, and Texas Instruments supplies the digital processors for Sony compact-disc players. According to the Semiconductor Industry Association, American companies are generating $1 billion a year in extra revenues as a result of the trade pacts. U.S. semiconductor companies are turning their attention to South...
...long shot, Washington has given the industry a big boost through formation of the Sematech consortium. Created by Congress in 1987, Sematech is a research-and-development group financed on a fifty-fifty basis by the Pentagon and a group of 12 U.S. electronics companies, including Intel, Motorola and IBM. Based in Austin, Sematech set out to restore U.S. dominance in advanced chipmaking equipment, like circuit-printing machines...
...large corporations like GM often stubbornly resist change, as underscored by the crises now gripping such American giants as IBM, Sears and < Citicorp. "Big organizations that last a long time are usually very conservative, like churches or armies," Womack says. Their size usually helps them forestall change for too long, so that when the forces finally become irresistible, the upheaval resembles the centrifugal breakup of the Soviet Union...