Word: indirect
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Researchers, under the direction of Edward A. Kravitz, Berry professor of neurobiology at the Medical School, then hypothesized that the opposing postures had to be generated by indirect actions of the two amines in the nervous system, whose cells then controlled muscle action...
...rates to certain research-related expenses. Equipment purchases, for instance, are not permitted in the total; neither are subcontracts over $25,000. Thus if a Johns Hopkins professor gets a $100,000 grant to cover his direct costs of research, he may be able to apply his school's indirect-cost rate -- 65% -- to only $60,000 of it, making the tab for overhead $39,000. Consequently, the university would receive a total of $139,000 in government funds...
...indirect-cost rates necessarily add up to a better deal for the public. The University of Wisconsin at Madison, for instance, has a rate of just 44%, but that is partly because state taxes help cover the cost of buildings, heat and other overhead expenses connected with research. Taxpayers still pay the bulk of the bill, just as they do at Stanford; there are simply more state tax dollars in the mix than at a private school. Rates are typically lower at public institutions anyway. Unlike Cornell or M.I.T., these schools have little incentive to comb federal guidelines for every...
...projects a relative bargain. "We're not looking at a situation where people are getting rich," says former M.I.T. Provost John Deutch. "This is not like Michael Milken." Despite an overhead ^ rate of 77%, for example, Harvard Medical School in 1989 still had to finance 17% of research-related indirect costs out of its own pocket. The rate has since soared to 88%, and Harvard Medical is now asking government negotiators to agree to an even more mind-boggling figure...
...order to recoup some of the skyrocketing costs of erecting new labs and technical libraries, schools have become increasingly aggressive about billing Washington for overhead. It is no accident that Stanford's indirect-cost rate jumped 16% from 1982 to 1990, a period that coincided with a building boom on the campus. At some schools, reimbursements for overhead have come to account for alarming chunks of the budget. In fiscal 1990, Stanford relied on federal overhead to make up 22% of its operating funds. "They're hooked," says Middlebury's Light. "They've become dependent on the research money...