Word: ink
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Flushed with success, the Travel Bureau expanded its rescue operations to include families of students and just about anyone else who appealed for help through clandestine contacts. For a while, scores of trapped East Berliners calmly walked to freedom by flashing the borrowed pasteboards to Communist guards. Ink stamps were expertly forged by one Travel Bureau specialist, who insisted that sharpened wooden matches were the best tools...
...adopted by painters, among them Degas. Toulouse-Lautrec and Goya, to make cheap but faithful replicas of their original work. Except in artists' circles, Senefelder's stones have long since disappeared. But in print shops, those gloomy caverns of the publishing world where paper is imprinted with ink, the process he invented 166 years ago is enjoying a new boom...
Finding a Way. Printers were slow to turn to lithography, largely because they already had an excellent process. This was letterpress, a process used by the Chinese at least twelve centuries ago in which ink is transferred to paper from raised type...
...violently blue. Moreover, a new printing technique called gravure had arisen to fill a growing need for fast color printing. Gravure is the opposite of letterpress. Instead of standing out in relief, the image is etched into the plate, in a series of recesses or wells, which fill with ink and then deposit their ink loads onto paper. On fast rotary presses, gravure made possible the many-hued Sunday newspaper supplements, added a dimension to color reproduction with which letterpress could not possibly compete...
...offset ink is heavier and more expensive than letterpress ink. and because it does not as readily absorb into the paper, the ink must either be artificially dried or the presses must be slowed to give the ink time to dry. For years, the fastest web offset presses ran at about one-third the speed of the fastest letter-presses. The tackier offset ink. together with the rubber cylinder, collects paper dust, which can botch a printing job. The web offset process is more wasteful of paper than letterpress. And on long offset-press runs, the ink tends to emulsify...