Word: inks
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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When the first signs of recovery began to break through the deep recession last winter, economists and politicians alike added apocalyptic warnings to their expressions of cautious optimism. Uncontrolled federal deficits, they declared, could drown the economy in red ink. Yet when Ronald Reagan, formerly the ardent apostle of balanced budgets, submitted a plan for fiscal 1984 with a shortfall that approached $200 billion, political paralysis seemed to set in. The enormity of the deficit monster eventually led to a feeling of futility. In addition, encouraging economic signs, such as a record bull run on Wall Street and continued moderation...
...handwriting analysis should fail, the experts turn to tests of paper, ink and pens, such as those carried out by the West German Federal Archives last week. Here, too, experience and a keen eye for detail may prove sufficient to detect deceit. Benjamin notes that in the West parchment was used exclusively until about the year 1150. Next came two types of rag paper. One was laid paper, formed by being stretched across wires that left visible lines spaced about an inch apart. It was in common use until about 1800. The other was wove paper, in which the fibers...
...since fashions here have also changed through the years. There have been customs too in how letters are folded. Watermarks placed in paper by manufacturers are carefully catalogued and thus can be traced to their origins. The wrong watermark can disclose a forgery. Benjamin and other analysts check the ink used on antique documents. Sometimes its very color is all they need to see. Ink made of ground carbon was used until 1020; it does not affect the color of the paper as it ages. But iron-gall ink, widely used until about 1860, is acidic and with time tends...
...signers of the Declaration of Independence was genuine. A hurricane had caused the paper to be submerged in water for five days. When he retrieved it, the owner found to his relief that all the signatures remained clear and bright. They had been written with iron-gall ink on rag paper...
...James, to name two. Mark Twain, who typed the manuscript of either Tom Sawyer or Life on the Mississippi (the matter is murky), became the first author to hand in a typewritten book to his publisher. Of his Remington, Twain wrote: "It don't muss things or scatter ink blots around." Twain also began the practice of double-spacing manuscripts, thus providing room for editors ever since to fill the margins with the words "awkward" and "Don't get this...