Word: inners
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...What. Riesman says that in the U.S. only a few tradition-directed islands survive: some Southern Negroes, some unassimilated immigrant groups. Most Americans are still inner-directed...
...INNER-DIRECTION was the answer. The elders implanted early a sense of direction toward lifelong goals. Tradition still helps to guide the inner-directed man by helping him select the goals and the general principles of action by which he is to reach them, rather than by leading him with strict supervision through every step of the way. Where tradition-direction puts him on a well-worn path, inner-direction gives him a gyroscope by which, in all situations, he is expected to find the way toward his goal. Inner-direction appears in Catholic as well as Protestant countries...
...tasks of the time that brought forth the inner-directed man were those of production, a hard struggle with hard things: iron, coal, prairies, machinery. Invention, toil, risk-taking and a driving sense of the goal to be won were necessary to meet the mounting consumer demands of rapidly increasing populations passing from static to more fluid forms of society...
OTHER-DIRECTION came on the scene to form a more appropriate social character. The inner-directed man's gyroscope of fixed goal and principle is replaced by a radarscope. This is not "set" toward a goal; it does not tell the other-directed man where to go or how to get there, except as changing signals from "the others,"-themselves often "other-directeds" without fixed goals-tell him what he should, for the moment...
...working class, largely tradition-directed in the late 19th century, has passed into the inner-directed phase, and the middle class, whose 19th century mode was inner-direction, is now split. The old middle class-farmers, small businessmen, bankers, technically minded engineers-is still largely inner-directed. The new middle class-bureaucrats, salaried business employees-is largely other-directed...