Word: insulin
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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High cholesterol. Soaring blood pressure. A fatty liver. Dangerously elevated insulin levels. Even a first-year medical student could recognize the signs of a middle-aged patient struggling with weight problems and diabetes and probably heading for a heart attack...
...anything else. Visceral-fat cells can secrete hormones and cytokines that help control inflammation and guide energy use by all the body's other cells. Normally this regulation of cellular fueling is maintained by a well-balanced relay of metabolic signals. As food calories are absorbed, the pancreas secretes insulin, which prompts the liver to convert sugars into fat. Fat cells then release leptin, a hormone that puts the brakes on eating. Leptin does this by passing along the message that the body is satisfied with the deposit of calories it has received...
...vaccine, which was initially developed to prevent tuberculosis, causes low-grade inflammation that prevents abnormal immune cells from destroying cells that produce insulin in the pancreas; scientists say this might be a cure for Type 1 diabetes...
...asked them detailed questions about their sleep habits--including how long it took them to fall asleep, how many hours they had slumbered in the past month, whether they slept through the night and if they felt drowsy during the day. Then he recorded their levels of cholesterol, insulin, glucose, a clotting agent known as fibrinogen, inflammatory proteins that contribute to heart disease, and insulin resistance (the precursor to diabetes). Since emotional factors can affect sleep as well, he also assessed each subject's levels of depression, hostility and anger, using standard psychological questionnaires...
...HESCs) in treating a disease--diabetes--in mice. After generating HESCs from excess fertility-clinic embryos, the scientists cultured the cells for 12 days in a medium that directed them to become pancreatic cells. These were transplanted into mice whose own pancreatic cells had been deliberately destroyed, making them insulin-deficient. Within 45 days, new cells began producing fresh insulin...