Word: insulin
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...though it looks very different from most humans, the worm shares 40 percent of its genes with man, including almost its entire insulin pathway...
...their recent study, Ruvkun and his colleagues first used genetic tricks to deactivate genes that encode the proteins--known as receptors--that respond to insulin signaling in many worm tissues, creating a group of long-lived individuals...
Next, the researchers put the parts back in, but only in certain areas. In separate experiments, they turned insulin receptor genes back on in different worm tissues: first in the intestine but not the brain, then the brain but not the muscle...
...results were striking: While putting insulin receptors back in muscle and intestinal cells had only a small effect on longevity, replacing the receptors in the nervous system restored the worms' normal life span...
...years we've known about insulin signaling and we've always though that it works by engaging receptors on muscles and fat," he said. "It was always assumed that the tissue where you see the aging is where it would be functioning...