Word: insulin
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...special trick to make the experiment work," Gilbert says. The insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid at a site before the end of another gene, which codes for a protein known as penicillinase. The insulin and penicillinase proteins are synthesized in a fused form when the genes are read together...
...penicillinase, a natural product of the bacteria, serves as a carrier and marker, transporting the insulin to the cell surface where it normally resides. At the surface, the penicillinase and insulin can be exposed to certain radioactively labeled substances which attach specifically to these two proteins. Bacterial cells which are successfully manufacturing the protein are thus identified...
...California groups, led by Howard Goodman and Bill Ruggers, inserted the insulin gene already in bacteria last year but they have been unsuccessful in getting the E. coli to read it, according to Gilbert. The other West Coast project, run by Genentech Inc. and an organic chemist, Dr. Keiichi Itakura, announced in September that it had successfully produced human insulin using E. coli bacteria...
Itakura and his associates reported that, "Artificial genes that 'command' laboratory bacteria to manufacture human insulin have been synthesized." Rather than using natural animal genes for insulin, this group built an artificial copy of the human insulin gene in two short segments and inserted these separately into E. coli plasmids...
...short insulin segments were hidden in large bacterial cell proteins during synthesis and safely escorted from the cells but the group has had problems putting the two insulin segments together in the proper three-dimensional conformation...