Word: jewish
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...independent socialist Ukraine. In 1961 Lukyanenko was tried for treason and condemned to death by shooting. His sentence was later commuted to 15 years. After his release, he joined forces with other human rights activists, brought together by the Helsinki Committees' commitment to a variety of causes, including Jewish emigration and religious freedom...
Technically, crimes are never classified as political. In rare cases, like Shcharansky's, a full-scale treason charge is trumped up in addition to "anti-Soviet agitation," the charge used against Ginzburg, Petkus and Yuri Orlov. Jewish dissidents whose crime is to apply for an exit visa are sometimes caught in a Catch-22. Fired from their jobs, these "refuseniks" become liable to parasitism laws if they refuse to accept menial work. "Malicious hooliganism" laws round up other dissidents. In one hooliganism case, Refusenik Vladimir Slepak was convicted after hanging outside his apartment a banner demanding the right...
...Mark Dymshits, 38, Eduard Kuznetsov, 30, and nine others, all but two of them Jewish, were tried in Leningrad for planning to hijack a Soviet airliner to Sweden. Although the group never set foot on the plane, Dymshits and Kuznetsov drew death sentences, commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. The others received sentences ranging front one to ten years...
...Premier's troubles began when he agreed to a request by the ultra-Orthodox Agudat Israel Party to amend Israel's conscription laws, thereby making it easier for Orthodox Jewish women to gain exemption from the draft. Orthodox rabbis believe that women should not serve in the armed forces, since they interpret the prohibition against men's clothing to include the khaki trousers and the UZI submachine guns issued to Israel's female conscripts. The law now requires that women serve for two years and men for three, beginning...
...compromise bill, designed to tighten the exemption loophole, would require women seeking exemptions to declare that they do not travel on the Sabbath and strictly observe Jewish dietary laws. Although the girls will no longer have to pass examinations, they will face stiff penalties if discovered to have made false declarations. A girl found lolling on a beach on the Sabbath, for example, will be Liable to serve a term in prison, to be followed by regular army service...