Word: jour
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Dates: during 1890-1899
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References: Reports of postmasters general for 1873, pp. 32-44; 1889, 29-31; 1890, 11-14; 1891, 90-96; 1892, 44-47, 104-124. Hansard 1861, CLXII, pp. 263-293, 880-891, 1209-1212. Lewins' Hist. of Savings Banks, 269-344. Pop. Sci. Mo. 28, 160. Am. Jour. So. Sci. 22, 156. Leisure Hour...
References: Pol. Sci. Quat. II, 369; Quar. Jour. of Econ. V, 70; R. R. Problems, p. 516-518; For., V, 652; Int. Com. Com. Rep., 1887, p. 34; 1888, p. 26; 1892, pp. 219-265; 1893, p. 220; 1894, p. 62; Traffic Unity by G. R. Blanchard in Chicago R. R. Rev.; R. R. Associations...
Best general references: Quar. Jour. of Econ. Jan. '88 p. 184-185; Jan. '89 p. 177 et. seq.; Jan. '90, p. 158-171: Pol. Sci. Quart. Sep. '87, p. 374 et. seq.: Hadley, Ry. Transportation pp. 74-76, 91-97, 143-145; Interstate Commerce Commission Reports I: 307-312; II: 434 et. seq.; III: 394 et. seq.; IV: 351-358: Senate Reports 1st sess. 49th Cong. 1885-86, III part...
...Pooling is beneficial to the public.- (a) It tends to the stability and uniformity of rates: Quart. Jour. Econ. IV: 159, Jan. 1890.- (1) All railroad transactions are made public, thus eliminating (a) rebates, (b) rate-cutting, (c) discrimination, (d) underweighing, etc., all of which evils can only be practiced in secret.- (b) It tends to lower rates.- (1) Rates were lower in 1884 under pooling system than ever before, except during rate wars: N. Y. Ry. Commission Report of 1884, I: 77.- (c) It checks consolidation and monopoly.- (1) The powerful companies cannot, by cutting rates, ruin, and then...
...Fluctuating rates cause fluctuating volume of traffic.- (i) Fluctuating volume of traffic incurs greater operating expenses than a uniform volume.- (ii) Uniform traffic causes capital to be constantly employed; no idleness or loss by interest.- (b) Rate wars following prohibition of pooling caused enormous decline of railroad property: Quar. Jour. Econ. Jan. '89, p. 178.- (c) Railroads themselves favor pooling...