Word: judaisms
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...ORTHODOX JUDAISM...
Orthodoxy?especially militant Orthodoxy?does create problems within Judaism, but in the U.S. these problems are only minor ones, skirmishes of words. In Israel, Orthodox zealotry has created a national law-and-order crisis. Orthodox Jews are naturally inflamed by secular Jews who spend the Sabbath sunning on the beach at Tel Aviv. Secular Jews are exasperated at the kind of Orthodox legalism that debates whether using electricity
Sabbath Combat. Despite the current interest in Orthodoxy's various shades, many Jews resent its exclusiveness. Indeed, Reform Rabbi Alvin H. Reines, of Cincinnati's Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, turns the tables and regretfully excludes Orthodoxy from his concept of Judaism. Reines contends that there is no single entity describable as Judaism, but rather a variety of Judaisms over the ages, each fashioned to its time. Some have lingered on and now coexist, but the common denominator of most is flexibility. Reines would like to see basic unity among believing Jews under an umbrella he calls "polydoxy...
...Sephardim, who first arrived in 1654. They brought with them an ORTHODOX heritage, but many strayed from it in the New World. The first important wave of Ashkenazic immigration from Germany in the 1840s and '50s, on the other hand, brought with it the REFORM movement of religious Judaism, an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment. Caught up in the rationalism of the age, Reform set out to modernize liturgy, rejected the binding authority of Jewish law and such key beliefs as a literal Messiah and personal immortality. But it re-emphasized Jewish ethical values...
...Reform approach seemed sterile to some Jews, who in the late 19th century began to turn to a compromise between Reform and Orthodoxy known in the U.S. as CONSERVATIVE Judaism. At the same time, waves of Eastern European Jews, some of whom clung to their Old World Orthodoxy, were emigrating to the U.S. But not until the rise of Nazism in Europe did yet another group of Orthodox Jews arrive in the U.S.-the followers of HASIDISM, a movement of mystical enthusiasm that sprang up in Eastern Europe in the 18th century. Among them were the Satmar Hasidim, named after...