Word: jure
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...Administration's ambiguous position. Nixon's Attorney General Mitchell told TIME Correspondent Dean Fischer last week that he feels moving on desegregation is a case of "you're damned if you do and you're damned if you don't." He said he hoped that "all the de jure districts will be desegregated by September." The Administration's whole aim is "to get the schools desegregated, but to do it with the least possible disruption. That's hard to do in a highly charged atmosphere." This suggests that Nixon should use his effective new command of the television forum...
...Leon Panetta and Senator Abraham Ribicoff's blistering attack on Northern hypocrisy, the nature and precise scope of existing U.S. law on race and the schools have largely been obscured. At issue are two sets of vital distinctions: the difference between integration and desegregation, and that between de jure, or governmentally imposed, and de facto, or accidental residential segregation...
...North, usually resulting, de facto, from housing patterns. Yet the idea is also subversive. The de facto separation of the North has still not been declared unconstitutional by the courts. Assaulting it across the board would represent a virtually impossible enforcement problem in many cities, whereas the de jure segregation of the South could legally be broken down. If the Stennis amendment became official policy, it would stretch the Justice Department's enforcement resources so thin that desegregation would be markedly slowed down. The Stennis-Ribicoff logic suggests that school integration cannot occur unless and until all U.S. society...
...urban ghettos and that the North's kind of racism more readily yields to appeals to conscience. The desire to treat segregation the same in both North and South is also laudable-but not nearly as simple as it sounds. While the courts have repeatedly ruled that de jure segregation, officially sustained by state and local governments, is unconstitutional, and the machinery to end it is well in motion, no such ruling or procedure has emerged to deal with de facto segregation created by the grouping of blacks in neighborhoods. The Southern strategists clearly hope that any attempt...
...black and Mexican American children-who constitute 44% of the city's 654,000 students-by keeping most of them in schools with few whites. Gitelson accepted arguments of the American Civil Liberties Union, which had filed the suit, and found the school board guilty of de jure segregation by building new schools, drawing new attendance districts and creating busing policies without regard for the fact that they would not achieve integration. He also moved toward blurring the distinction between de jure and de facto, contending that "Negro and Mexican children suffer serious harm when their education takes place...