Word: kazakh
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...people are ethnic Chinese, or Han, as they have termed themselves since the Han dynasty (202 B.C.-A.D. 220). In addition, there are 54 separate national minorities, totaling 40 million. These include 1.7 million Mongols, who were once ruled by Genghis Khan, 1.3 million mountain-dwelling Tibetans, 500,000 Kazakh and 65,000 Kirgiz nomads, 7 million Thai-speaking Chuang, a scattering of Miao and Puyi peasants in the southwestern provinces, and caste-conscious Yi clans in Szechwan. Despite Peking's efforts to promote Mandarin as China's common language, the country still has countless spoken dialects...
...mile flight from Urumchi to the Soviet border discloses the Chinese vulnerability to incursions from the north. The Dzungarian basin spreads into a hard, flat, open plain beneath the P'o-lo-k'o-nu Mountains, ideal tank and tactical-air-strike country. Kazakh boys who ride bareback through the surrounding pine forests must beware the leopards that still roam the foothills of the T'ien Shan range. The border-control point is a 600-yd.-long bridge across the Ili River, where the Chinese claim that the Soviets continue to infiltrate agents. They also say border...
...walled single-story Moslem quarters, where forage is stored on the roofs, to rows of new brick apartment buildings on the dry river beds outside the city. Camels still graze in sight of the new air terminal. Smoke from a cement plant floats across grazing lands where Kazakh cowboys pitch their tents of yak felt. (Visiting dignitaries like Schlesinger are served yak-butter tea and mare's fermented milk...
...people's war" defense, concentrating on guerrilla tactics and mine warfare. "We will not attack first, but if the Soviet revisionists dare to attack us, we will certainly bury them in the vast ocean of a people's war," declared Hsieh Kao-chung, chairman of the Ili Kazakh autonomous prefecture revolutionary committee...
...Russian fairy-tale heroes), coated with transparent lacquer, then dried and highly polished. One box astonishes: a winter's scene of three youngsters in a troika superimposed on an oval plate of mother-of-pearl to simulate the look of the rays of the setting sun. The weavers from Kazakh S.S.R. have not lost their touch either; the walls of one long corridor are hung with their work--softly-colored ornamental rugs of thick felt...