Word: khaldun
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...much on time and place, the deepest patterns of a society. Arnold Toynbee and Oswald Spengler constructed cyclical, organic theories of history. All civilizations, they said, passed through similar stages of growth and decay and eventually perished, whether from internal or external wounds. The 14th century Berber historian Ibn-Khaldun prefigured the idea by concluding that history repeatedly moves through the same cycles. According to Ibn-Khaldun's theory, a youthful, growing society is animated by asabiyya, the spirit of social solidarity found in what he called "the desert aristocracy." But as the society becomes more "civilized," the cohesive group...
...Khaldun, and later, like-minded prophets, did not calculate that the cycles could be broken, that history could simply veer off in another direction. As Journalist-Critic A.J. Liebling noted, Ibn-Khaldun's determinism was refuted by "the vigor of Renaissance thought, the technological advances and the discovery of the New World...
Such special social sciences are one of them much more than 100 years old, and Sociology depends upon them for many of its data. Although Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, Ibn-Khaldun, Macchiavelli, Montesquieu, and many other great thinkers had written on man and society from a general standpoint, it was not until about the time the French Revolution stirred European civilization to its roots that thinkers began to study various special aspects of human social relations. One group began to specialize on the development of our great social institutions like the State and the Church; another group concentrated...
Semitic Seminary. Ibn Khaldun, the Prince of Arab historians. Mr. John Orne. 7 Lowell street...
Semitic Seminary. Ibn Khaldun, the Prince of Arab historians. Mr. John Orne. 7 Lowell street...