Word: kirshners
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...supernova are dimmer than you would expect if the universe was expanding at a constant rate," Kirshner says. "They are about 25 percent dimmer than you would expect...
When Einstein developed his theory of general relativity in 1916, Kirshner says his initial equations showed that the universe was either expanding or contracting. But like most scientists of his time, Einstein believed the size of the universe was constant...
...known since 1929 that the universe is expanding," Kirshner says. "But we've also known there's gravity. And the question is, `How does gravity affect the cosmic expansion...
...What [the cosmological constant] means is something like negative pressure," Kirshner says. "For an ordinary gas, the thing expands as the pressure goes down. But in this, the pressure would stay constant as it expands...
...force represented by the cosmological constant pushes the edges of the universe farther apart, the gravitational attraction with the potential to bring the expansion to a standstill grows weaker, Kirshner says...