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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Like the blacks, Mexican Americans, who are known as Chicanos, are a varied and diverse people. Only recently have they emerged from a stereotype: the lazy, placid peasant lost in a centuries-long siesta under a sombrero. Unlike the blacks, who were brought to the U.S. involuntarily, the Chicanos have flocked to the U.S. over the past 30 years, legally and illegally, in an attempt to escape the poverty...
...value?unlike the case of wine grapes?the bunches must be carefully picked by hand. Because of their vulnerability, Chavez picked the table-grape growers as his first target. In 1966, after a strike, he got his first contract when Schenley Industries capitulated because it had a nationally known name at stake. Later that year he won the right to represent workers at the mammoth Di Giorgio ranch in an election monitored by the American Arbitration Association. Both Di Giorgio and Schenley have since sold their table-grape holdings, however, and Chavez's only contracts now are with wine producers...
Bracero: Mexican citizen brought into the U.S. temporarily and usually in groups to add to the existing labor force at times of peak activity. The program, begun during World War II to relieve manpower shortages, was ended-over farmers' protests-in 1964. However, individuals known as "green-carders" (for the permits they hold) can work as aliens...
...lawyer by training, Guichard has no particular expertise in education but has promised to carry on the reforms begun by outgoing Minister Edgar Faure. More important, Pompidou, a former classics teacher, has definite ideas on education. He has promised to "restore the authority of teachers and professors." Pompidou is known as a "selectionist"-one who believes that universities should turn out no more graduates than industry and the public service can absorb...
...ammonia, dyes, chlorine, sulphate, iron, copper, bleach, cadmium and formaldehyde into its waters; the coal mines near the confluence of the Ruhr disgorge calcium deposits and sludge; the steel mills of Cologne contribute iron dross, furnace slag, oils and fats. As a result, the Rhine has come to be known as "Europe's longest sewer...