Word: kosovo
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...personal, does it become harder or easier to fight? Vietnam, the first televised war, inspired as its memorial the granite wall etched with 58,175 names, an antidote to the memory of nameless nightly body counts. Since then the experts have chronicled America's "casualty aversion" through Lebanon, Somalia, Kosovo. The first President Bush was so concerned about maintaining public support during the Gulf War that shots of flag-draped coffins arriving at Dover Air Force Base were banned. The Pentagon expected tens of thousands of casualties; 148 died. The blessing of a swift victory was its curse...
Still, in a place like Kosovo, the euro has given the war-weary populace a larger sense of belonging. On the euro's third day, residents of the capital, Pristina, braved sub-zero temperatures to get the bills. By day's end, a small grocery on the city's main street had 4.50[Euro] in its till, though prices were still shown in German marks, the official currency since 1999. Kosovars are used to a variety of currencies: U.S. dollars, Swiss francs, Yugoslav dinars. Now there's the euro. Says shopkeeper Shukrane Shaqiri, warming her hands by a stove...
...such constraint is "no U.S. casualties." In Kosovo this meant that our pilots had to fly more safely than the passengers of some Third World airlines do. This was achieved by flying at an altitude that in effect precluded effective bombing of mobile targets. Meanwhile, small groups of Serbs with armored vehicles terrorized ethnic Albanian villages at will...
...past few years, Russia has frequently perceived its security interests as counter to our own. Russia voiced strong opposition to the NATO-led campaign in Kosovo and it has repeatedly used its veto power in the U.N. Security Council to block enforcement of the sanctions against Iraq. Russia has also shown little interest in stopping nuclear proliferation, as its cash-strapped government has sought to sell reactors and other materials to Iran...
...psywar schemes have worked. During the 1993 intervention in Somalia, a leaflet urging support for peacekeepers mistranslated "United Nations" so Somalis thought it said "Slave Nations." A Pentagon study concluded that Commando Solo's broadcasts during NATO's 1999 air war over Kosovo were largely ineffective. In Desert Storm, psyops soldiers held focus groups among Iraqi POWs to determine what messages resonated. Afghanistan is still too unsettled for the 4th Group to survey prisoners or civilians on whether they've been swayed by the pitch. "I think we're making a difference," says Treadwell. The proof will...