Word: laboral
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...replaced Le Pen as the nexus of French discontents, but in defeat Bayrou has given his voters no explicit guidance on how they should vote in the second round. Sarkozy calls himself the "candidate of work" and courts the France that gets up early: he wants simpler labor laws, lower taxes and a leaner public service. Much of that ought to resonate with voters for Bayrou's Union for French Democracy (UDF), which, since its inception in 1978, has frequently allied itself with the right. But Sarkozy's sometimes gleeful propensity for sowing division sits more easily with those already...
...with white indentured servants whose physical hardships and treatment were largely similar to their own. Too much has been made of the fact that manumission, the formal emancipation from slavery, was open to the most resourceful of them, that a few of the manumitted prospered and that blacks and laboring whites interacted on intimate terms. This was typical of nearly all new multiethnic settlements in the Americas. The colony's élite remained committed to indentured white servitude as the backbone of the labor force until at least the middle of the 17th century because indentures were cheaper than African...
...1660s, the labor equation changed: increased supplies made it cheaper to buy African slaves than white indentures, and the former were also considered less rebellious. The turn toward black slavery did not reduce the inflow of white immigrants, as happened in the sugar islands. Instead, a large white population developed of small and even midsize farmers who relied on their own or nonslave white labor. As the black population grew and increasingly became the labor force of élite whites, both attitudes and laws changed. By 1662 the children of all slave women were declared slaves in perpetuity. Five years...
Many of those additional people were indentured servants who, in return for their transatlantic passage, bound themselves to labor for seven years. In 1619 the White Lion, a privateer, brought a new labor source--"20 and odd negroes" from Angola. Our original sin was not very original--Spain and Portugal had already brought 200,000 African slaves to the Americas--and the colony was slow to exploit the practice. Slaves did not outnumber indentured servants in Virginia until the 1670s. Once acquired, however, the habit of bondage would prove addicting--economic and social nicotine...
...that was satisfying. Now, why not her husband?â€Questions such as these have long fascinated Goldin as she has studied the factors leading to inequality—in gender, race, and education.Previously, this has led her to study slavery in the antebellum South, labor participation of black and white women in the 1970s, and the history of wage inequality in the U.S.The latter topic is the subject of her latest book, co-written with her partner and colleague, Allison Professor of Economics Lawrence F. Katz.For Goldin, writing about women is not a political decision but an academic...