Word: labors
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...many cases, something more was involved than the usual demands for better pay and conditions. The workers were ignoring their union leaders, whom they often regard as too timid or too ready to cooperate with management. They were also reflecting demands for broad social change. Said an Italian labor leader: "Workers are thinking now of participation in industrial and social decisions as well as of wages and pensions...
Italy's bargaining climate is certainly not helped by the succession of three weak caretaker governments that have held power since May 1968. But far deeper causes underlie much of the labor unrest. Italian workers are caught between the higher cost of living brought on by the nation's celebrated II Boom and a notoriously unresponsive national leadership. Italy's public services, from education to rapid transit, are among the poorest in Western Europe...
West Germany's labor troubles may well reflect political opportunism more than anything else. As national elections neared, workers knew that the government would jump to settle with strikers rather than risk disorders. Sure enough, hardly had some 25,000 metalworkers and 50,000 coal workers walked off their jobs than they won wage hikes of 11% and 13% respectively. What bothered Germans more than the size of the settlements, however, was the fact that both were won in wildcat strikes -a tactic almost never used by West Germany's well-disciplined labor unions. Some businessmen wondered aloud...
...million are peasants, hardly a foundation for a superpower. Despite efforts to extend schools to the farthest reaches of the country, more than half the population is illiterate. Production on China's communal farms has almost kept pace with the population, but it takes 85% of the labor force to grow the food. While the economy spurted ahead during the Communists' first decade at an estimated annual rate of 10%, it has been growing a mere 1% a year since...
Civilian Rights. Enacted by Congress in 1950, the U.C.M.J. set up three categories of military trial: 1) summary courts-martial, which try only enlisted men for minor offenses that have a maximum sentence of one month in prison or 45 days at hard labor; 2) special courts-martial, which mainly try enlisted men for crimes that carry a bad-conduct discharge and up to six months in prison; and 3) general courts-martial, which handle serious crimes that can lead to life imprisonment and even the death penalty...