Word: labors
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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What really fuels Mozambique's climb, though, is the energy of individuals tackling problems from the bottom up. Take the "Italian roads." Instead of paying foreign companies for expensive foreign-built, high-maintenance asphalt roads, local authorities are copying a cheap labor-intensive, low-tech alternative pioneered in Italy: roads constructed of small, handmade stone or concrete pavers that can be laid directly on the sandy soil and individually replaced when rains wash them...
...sports heritage is genuine. Knight launched the company in 1964 with Bill Bowerman, his former track coach at the University of Oregon. Knight's business plan, hatched as an M.B.A. project at Stanford, was straightforward. He figured that by importing shoes made in Japan, where labor was then cheap, he could undercut the dominant player, Adidas. At first he merely imported Japanese running shoes. Then Bowerman, in the kitchen one morning, had one of those Aha! ideas. He made an outsole by pouring a rubber compound into the waffle iron. The waffle trainer was born--and Nike was ready...
Last week an activist group called the National Labor Committee accused Nike and other companies of running virtual slave factories in China, alleging that workers are habitually overworked and underpaid. It's the kind of charge Nike has faced, and denied, repeatedly regarding its operations in Asia. Nike subcontractors employ nearly 500,000 workers in plants in Indonesia, China and Vietnam...
...jobs are scarce and getting scarcer, this is not the employment of choice. It's low-tech assembly work that hasn't changed much since Nike chairman Phil Knight first started sourcing sneakers in Japan 35 years ago. Since then, the work has migrated in search of ever cheaper labor...
...shoes that a worker gets $3 a day to make," says Kimberly Miyoshi of San Francisco's Global Exchange. "They pay Michael Jordan $40 million to endorse them. Can't they find more money to pay the workers?" The short answer is no. Corporations pay the going rate for labor wherever they are. And Nike maintains that the rate is good. Research conducted by Dartmouth College, for instance, found that Nike subcontractors in Indonesia and Vietnam paid above subsistence levels, allowing workers to save a portion of their earnings. TIME found this to be true at Yueyuan...