Word: labs
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...transfusions, tainted needles and unprotected sex. It was Dr. Luc Montagnier's laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Paris that first isolated the killer virus in 1983. It was Dr. Robert Gallo and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, who made it grow in the lab, which allowed for the development of an antibody test. It was the National Institutes of Health that funded the basic research on HIV and AIDS. It was the big drug companies like Burroughs Wellcome and Merck that brought a growing list of anti-HIV drugs to market...
Like many other ambitious young scientists, Ho wanted to be the first to isolate the virus that causes AIDS. Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo beat him to it. (Ho came in fourth, after Jay Levy of the University of California, San Francisco.) Still, while working in Hirsch's lab, Ho became expert at detecting HIV in places where few were able to find it. He was the first to show that it grows in long-lived immune cells called macrophages and among the first to isolate it in the nervous system and semen. Just as important, he showed that there...
...took Ho only a few weeks to figure out why soluble CD4 didn't work. The early tests on the treatment were done on weak strains of virus grown in the lab. Somehow wild viruses could tell which CD4 molecules were decoys. Ho and the rest of the AIDS scientists had just learned a valuable lesson. They would have to test all their potential treatments on viruses that infected real patients...
...director. He was 37 years old. "I took a bit of flak because everybody said, 'He's so young, he's unknown.'" she recalls. "I said, 'I don't want a star, I want a wonderful scientist.'" For his part, Ho considered the benefits of having more lab space and secure financial backing. "It was still a risky venture," he remembers. "Marty Hirsch said, 'You're crazy. This is New York City. The politics will eat you up.'" But for Ho, the chance to do what he wanted, and to attract top-level scientists to join him, was too good...
...made important contributions to AIDS research--coaxing HIV to grow in the lab, proving convincingly that it causes AIDS, developing an HIV-antibody test, identifying proteins that seem to protect some people from AIDS--although it took a decade for the controversy surrounding his role as co-discoverer of the virus to dissipate. After he was officially cleared of charges of scientific misconduct in 1993, Gallo left the NCI to set up his own virology institute at the University of Maryland...