Word: landmarks
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...Rules. Last week, in a ruling that will cause profound changes in American criminal procedures, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed Danny's conviction. In last year's landmark Gideon v. Wainwright decision, the court held that every defendant in a state or federal criminal trial is entitled to counsel. In Danny's case, the court extended the Gideon principle and ruled that a person is entitled to consult with counsel as soon as an investigation makes him a prime suspect...
...when the Supreme Court ordered Heman Sweatt admitted as the first Negro at the University of Texas Law School and told the University of Oklahoma to stop isolating Negro Graduate Student George McLaurin. Sweatt and McLaurin opened the way for 1954's Brown v. Board of Education, the landmark Supreme Court decision against school segregation. After that came a virtually unbroken string of Inc. Fund triumphs against segregated buses, beaches, golf courses, hospitals and courtrooms-the major victories of the U.S. civil rights revolution...
...Yale's John H. Ely, 25 (Chief Justice Warren), is a summa Princeton graduate with the further distinction of having collaborated on a landmark Supreme Court case (Gideon v. Waln-wright) before he got out of law school. Ely researched Plaintiff Clarence Gideon's appeal while working for the Washington law firm that handled the case. Second in his class at Yale (magna '63), he has since been working for the Warren Commission investigating the Kennedy assassination...
With that landmark opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court last year forced all state criminal courts to appoint lawyers for all indigent defendants charged with more than petty crimes. Since 60% of criminal defendants are indigent, hundreds of U.S. lawyers are in for heavy duty. And since the rule may apparently be applied retroactively, as a New York federal court recently ruled, hundreds of convicts are now appealing for new trials-getting their legal counsel from that grand old penal institution, the self-taught jailhouse lawyer...
Forms of Evasion. The procession began with a platoon of civil rights lawyers backed up by the Justice Department, arguing that Prince Edward County, Va., should not be permitted to evade court-ordered desegregation by abolishing its public school system. After the Supreme Court's landmark segregation decision a decade ago, Prince Edward closed its public schools in 1959 and set up "private" schools for white children. Negroes had no schools at all from 1959 until last year. "We have a truly local-option law in Virginia," argued an assistant attorney from Virginia. As a friend of the court...