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When Einstein was putting together the framework of Relativity, he was fascinated by the Larmor-Lorentz-Fitzgerald theory that when a clock is in motion it slows down slightly-too slightly to be detected by ordinary means. This theory was based on the idea of a fixed frame of reference, such as the ether. Einstein incorporated the theory in the Relativity structure, as a consequence not of absolute motion but of relative motion-that is, of the clock's motion relative to a hypothetical observer. For a long time there was no experimental confirmation of the Larmor-Lorentz-Fitzgerald...
...famed Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887, in which perpendicular beams of light were raced against each other, seemed to show that a light-carrying ether pervading all space did not exist. Fitzgerald, Larmor and Lorentz shored up the collapsing ether-concept by showing-theoretically-that a moving body must contract slightly in the direction of motion, that a moving clock would therefore slow down. Though imperceptible except at speeds approaching light's velocity (186,000 mi. per sec.), these changes would affect a Michelson-Morley apparatus just enough to cancel any possible observation of the ether-drift-by altering...
...Einstein's Relativity (1905-15) the ether was discarded as an unnecessary hypothesis. The Fitzgerald-Larmor-Lorentz effects were incorporated into Relativity theory, not as a consequence of absolute motion through a stagnant ether but as an effect of relative motion. If two observers are moving relative to each other, each one would find, checking by his own timepiece, that the other's clock was running slow...
...years the scientific world has waited for experimental demonstration of the Fitzgerald-Larmor-Lorentz effects. That demonstration was historically furnished last week at the meeting of the august National Academy of Sciences in Washington. The physicist who furnished it was Dr. Herbert Eugene Ives of Bell Telephone Laboratories. For "clocks" he used (at Einstein's suggestion, made in 1907) glowing particles of hydrogen gas. In such particles the frequency of energy oscillations determines the wave length of the emitted light, just as the oscillation frequency of a radio transmitter determines the length of the radio waves. When his particles...
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