Word: lawness
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...decades over whether it guarantees the right to bear arms to citizens individually or collectively -- that is, as members of a "well-regulated militia." The Supreme Court has never ruled squarely on that issue and has not even faced it indirectly since the 1930s. Then it upheld a law banning sawed-off shotguns on the ground that they would be of no use to a militia, seemingly upholding the collective interpretation. On the other hand, some writings of the Founding Fathers indicate they believed an armed citizenry to be the ultimate check against any tendency of their own government...
Nonetheless, serious questions remain. Though Japanese cities already have underground shopping malls and parking garages, their depth and size have been strictly limited by law. The reason: a devastating fire in an underground shopping mall in Shizuoka that killed 15 people in 1980. Subterranean structures are resistant to earthquakes and water leaks but generally vulnerable to fire and smoke. Architects believe they can beat the problem with sophisticated sensor systems to warn of fires and temporary shelters in which the inside air pressure is kept slightly higher than normal to repel smoke...
...term gunrunning brings to mind images of swift boats landing rifles on shadowy and foreign shores. But the gunrunning that plagues the U.S. these days is more a matter of illicit firearms stashed in vehicles rolling boldly up interstate highways. Federal law strictly limits the resale of weapons. However, that has not stanched a flood of firepower that travels from Southern states, where guns are quickly and easily bought, to Northern ones, where sales are more tightly regulated. Firearms bought in gun shops in Florida, Texas and Virginia -- the three largest supply states -- fetch top dollar when sold...
...single party-approved candidate, voters will pick from a slate of several nominees. Moreover, the elections will be conducted by secret ballot. But because of the complex, overlapping rules, the route from nomination to election is difficult to understand and often seems open to manipulation. The new law makes nominating candidates so confusing that some sessions have degenerated into brawls as factions accused one another of exploiting the fuzzy regulations to rig the outcome...
...Polaroid, which has put 14% of the company's stock into employees' hands as a maneuver in its bitter six- month battle against a takeover bid by Shamrock Holdings, owned by the Roy Disney family. Because Massachusetts-based Polaroid is incorporated in Delaware, where an anti-takeover law requires that bidders must get 85% ownership of a target company to gain control, the ESOP is leaving Shamrock with almost no room to maneuver. When a Delaware court rejected Shamrock's challenge of the ESOP, Polaroid's workers "jumped up and down with joy," said Nicholas Pasquarosa, chairman of the employee...