Word: layered
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...Edward Victor Appleton has spent most of his 56 years with his head in the clouds. He has accomplished a lot up there. "The ionosphere," a colleague once said of Sir Edward, "is his playground." He proved the theory that the earth is circled by electrically charged layers in the upper atmosphere, came to know more about them than any man alive (there is an Appleton layer, usually about 140 miles above the earth*). His researches made possible the development of radar, won him a knighthood and the 1947 Nobel Prize in physics...
...second layer of extra tenants poured into the Houses last year will be drained off in February, and the House population will return to the 50 percent-above-pre-war level established in 1946, Dean Watson announced yesterday...
...Soil. The prize virgin soils of temperate regions are the chernozems.* They develop in dryish regions like Iowa and the Ukraine, where the climate naturally favors the growth of tall grasses. The grasses deposit a great deal of organic material in the soil, forming a dark brown, almost black layer a foot or more deep. This (and the slight rainfall) keeps soluble nutrients from leaching away...
...cool, temperate region with enough rainfall to support dense forest, an entirely different type of soil develops: a podsol.† Tree roots do not bring enough lime to keep the soil from being acid, and their dead leaves form a layer of loose mold on the surface. Just below is a light-colored, often almost white layer of soil from which most of the soluble minerals have been leached by the heavy rainfall. Such a tree-formed soil is favorable for trees, but when man clears the forest and plants his grasslike wheat or corn, he gets poor crops...
Attracted by gravitation, they flash down to the center of the star, releasing enormous energy. The reaction may spread in a short time through most of the mass of the star. The energy released is enough to blow off the star's outer layer. All that remains, according to this theory, is a small, dense core of neutrons and a vast shell of flaming gas that burns itself out in a few months of splendor...