Word: layering
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...first six Trident Scholars are steaming in deep waters. Midshipman Clark Graham, who is also captain of the squash team, is studying ways to reduce underwater boundary-layer drag on submarines, for example. Others are pondering modern Argentine history, the future use of lasers in naval gunnery, the effect of radiation on transistors, the accuracy of navigational methods, and a potential heteropoly acid combining gallium and tungsten. The young scholars range far off base, from the Bell Telephone labs to a nuclear sub cruise...
...connect Dover and Calais by means of a 32-mile, $407 million railroad tunnel. The committee found either of two approaches feasible: a brace of segmented "immersed tubes" that would run across the channel floor, or a trio of cross-connected tunnels bored through the soft lower chalk layer 160 feet beneath the bottom...
Diamond knew that the speed of sound is greater in warm air than in cold air. If a sound wave, rising through the sub-zero temperatures below the upper jet stream, suddenly hit a layer nearly as warm as the earth's surface, the top of the wave front, he figured, would accelerate. The whole front would then bend back earthward and rumble down. Diamond figured that he might be able to bounce a boom off the upper stream, predict its course, and record the boom as it came back to earth, thus helping to confirm his rocket data...
...whose own cornea had become overgrown with scar tissue after an injury. All of the operations were what ophthalmic surgeons call "penetrating transplants" or "full-thickness grafts," for which fresh corneas must be used within 72 hours of the donor's death. When only the outermost layer of the cornea is needed, for a split-thickness graft, an eye can be used after it has been frozen and banked for weeks...
Though what Cooper saw in the green veil was no surprise to scientists, the astronaut did manage to jolt them with another discovery. As he passed over South America, Cooper caught a glimpse of a thin, barely visible rust-colored layer roughly 70 miles higher than the green stratum he had been searching for. His sighting confirmed an earlier report by Astronaut Wally Schirra, and scientists now suspect the green veil may be topped by a red one made up of photochemically stimulated atomic oxygen...