Word: layering
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...problem the surgeons faced was familiar. An artery consists of two inner layers and a "backup" outer layer which the flowing blood normally never touches. In arteriosclerosis, a fatty substance hardens along the inner layers and clogs the blood flow. The trick is to clean, remove or bypass those inner layers. Surgeons once commonly slit open the artery along the length of the diseased portion and scraped out the offending matter; more recently they have been bypassing or removing the entire section and replacing it with a synthetic graft...
...Martin Kaplitt, 26, and Dr. Sol Sobel, 40, offered an operation that was both simpler and quicker than standard techniques. Along with Kings County Hospital's Dr. Philip Sawyer, they clamped off the diseased section at either end, then injected carbon dioxide between the outer and inner layers of the artery. With the two layers thus separated, it was relatively easy to make a small incision and snip off the ends of the diseased inner layers, then pull them out. After the incisions were sutured and the clamps removed, the blood immediately began flowing through the undiseased outer layer...
Anthony Barringer, a Canadian geophysicist, is unbothered by Soviet se crecy. At a symposium on remote sensing in Huntsville, Ala., last week, he theorized that Luna 7's radar may have failed to "see" a top porous layer of the moon's crust. As a result, the space ship crashed on its way to a landing on the hard lunar rock below...
...became convinced that the craft was not demolished upon impact. The tardy retrorocket firing that probably made the difference between success and failure, Barringer decided, could have been caused by an altimeter error of as little as 30 ft. - which some scientists believe is the approximate depth of a layer of porous rock or partially compacted dust that covers the moon. Barringer's conclusion: Russian radar penetrated the moon's top layer, reflected back from the bedrock below and reported an incorrect altitude...
...many low-frequency radars and radio altimeters, a phenomenon that results in incorrect altitude readings and has caused several plane crashes. Barringer is also conducting laboratory experiments for NASA to study the possibility of designing a radar system that would measure the thickness of the moon's surface layer from an orbiting vehicle. He has bounced radar pulses off simulated lunar crusts made of porous lava and compressed lava dust, and found that both are highly radar transparent...