Word: layers
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...minutes. The new method has its greatest usefulness in the study of materials which are opaque to X-rays, as are most metallic crystals. In most of these crystals the plane surfaces of the atoms lying in regular pattern diffract the X-rays within a relatively thin surface layer of the crystal. The method invented by Mr. Greninger is a variation of the method devised by Max Laue, 20 years...
...people poured into small (pop. 5,521) Fairmont, Minn. Besides hotels every spare room for miles around was filled. Though 23 restaurant stands were set up to peddle hamburgers, hot dogs and coffee, many a prudent farmwife brought along great hampers of cold fried chicken, head cheese, hams, doughnuts, layer cakes and pies. Twenty-four State police directed the jammed traffic of cars from as far away as Kansas and Ohio. More exciting than any football game to Fairmont's visitors was that day's sporting event-the 11th annual National Corn Husking Championship...
...There are three major ionized layers. Their heights were obtained by noting the time required for radio echoes to return to Earth. As the signal frequency is stepped up, a "critical frequency" is usually found at which the signals shoot through a lower layer and bounce back from a higher, or escape into space. By this means density of ionization and fluctuations therein may be charted...
...layer, F², is "strongly heated" where the sun enters it vertically. From that point winds of heat-expanded air blow out in all directions, carrying tides of dense ionization, like a jet of water pouring over a round ball. But the Earth-ball is also rotating. Where the expanding waves go in the direction of rotation the wave-front is smooth; where they go against it they are like whitecaps in a tide...
Because short waves travel in optical lines, that is, in lines similar to beams of light, it was thought, up to a few months ago, that such waves could not go more than fifty miles, due to ground interference. Very rarely do short waves reflect from the Heaviside Layer. When it was recently found that the station in West Hartford, more than eighty miles away from Boston and across a mountain range, could get signals through, all previous theories concerning short waves were upset. The new station here has been established to carry out further experiments into the nature...