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...dogs, knowledge that a bell foretold the arrival of food. But now we know how the brain changes: by the real-time expression of 17 genes, known as the CREB genes. They must be switched on and off to alter connections among nerve cells in the brain and thus lay down a new long-term memory. These genes are at the mercy of our behavior, not the other way around. Memory is in the genes in the sense that it uses genes, not in the sense that you inherit memories...
...nurture: John B. Watson, who set out to show how the conditioned reflex, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, could explain human learning; Sigmund Freud, who sought to explain the influence of parents and early experiences on young minds; and Franz Boas, who argued that the origin of ethnic differences lay with history, experience and circumstance, not physiology and psychology...
...emergency room filled with similar unfortunates. Medics hoisted him onto an unsheeted gurney and hooked up a bag of saline. Doctors said he was the 12th gunshot victim in five hours; before the war, they might have handled one such case a day. On another gurney lay a man doctors described as a would-be carjacker, knifed in the lung. Nearby moaned a man with a bandaged right hand he claimed was hurt when he tried to stop a thief. A third patient, writhing on a bed, had taken a bullet in the kidney after escaping a botched theft, hospital...
Across the room lay a young boy whose groin was badly scalded in a household accident. Without a catheter to help him urinate, he could die, the doctors said, but no one seemed to have time to scour the town for one small enough. Doctors halfheartedly treated the man we had brought in, snaking a tube down his throat to clear the blood. Before the night was over, he was dead, and doctors held out little hope that the boy would survive. In a city with no law, the innocent and the guilty face the same harsh fate. --By Brian...
...reform of the pension and healthcare systems." Philipp may not get what he wants. Michael Sommer, head of the German Trade Union Federation (DGB), is leading the opposition to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's plans to trim back state benefits and make it easier for employers to lay off workers. Backed by left-wing members of Schröder's own ruling Social Democrats, Sommer warned there was a "danger" that the unions would break with the Chancellor if it wasn't possible to find "clean compromises." But while the players bicker, Germany's projected growth rate...