Word: layman
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Three current advocates renovate it by applying a technique known as modal logic: Plantinga; Unitarian Charles Hartshorne, a follower of Alfred North Whitehead's "process" philosophy, now retired from the University of Texas; and Roman Catholic Layman James F. Ross of the University of Pennsylvania...
Their antagonism is based less on personality than on principle. Despite his Sorbonne education, Banisadr is a devout Muslim layman who believes that the answers to all of Iran's problems can be found in Islam. Despite his clerical robes and title, Beheshti is a wily political pragmatist who uses ideology as a means to power. Twenty years ago, Beheshti was a writer of religious texts for public schools in Iran. A university professor who knew him then recalls that "he never argued with anyone. He seemed to believe that everyone is right. " Beheshti has apparently retained that ability...
Despite the layman's astonishment that the Ed School would now have to be reminding itself to minister to individual schools, experts such as Gerald S. Lesser, Charles Bigelow professor of Education and Developmental Psychology and a member of the group that assisted in the preparation of Barth's report, calmly insist that "there are always a lot of ebbs and flows in educational philosophy. We have never really been disassociated with secondary schools." Ylvisaker adds, "This is not a 180 degree change...We were missing one balancing wire and this...
Educational fun, though. Royal Charles has no pretensions to profound historical interpretation, but, with clear exposition of many tangled situations and with careful research, Fraser reliably guides the reader through 17th-century politics. Biography can be the best history for the layman--with a clear chronology and a well-defined cast of characters, events become easier to follow...
Banisadr also won a battle against the ambitious mullahs who resented the rise of a layman to a position of such importance in the revolution. They tried to postpone the oath-taking ceremony until after elections to the National Assembly next month. But Iran's strongman, Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini, who has been hospitalized for three weeks following a heart attack, ordered the ceremony to proceed immediately. Khomeini himself administered the oath of office to Banisadr at the Heart Hospital in north Tehran...