Word: legalizes
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...amicus briefs aimed at social changes-from trustbusting to school desegregation. Since the N.A.A.C.P. began leading the way in 1909, more and more minority groups have also found in court a chance for expression that eludes them at the ballot box. In 1945, the American Jewish Congress started a legal arm that has since filed scores of amicus briefs not only concerned with Jewish causes but also with the rights of Catholics, Negroes and Puerto Ricans. No amicus quite matches the 44-year-old American Civil Liberties Union, which, under Executive Director John Pemberton Jr., churns out briefs for people...
...colonies formed the Commune Africaine et Malgache and roundly condemned interference by anybody-notably including other Africans-in the internal affairs of other African states. Lest there be any doubt what they meant, they "solemnly affirmed the urgent necessity to bring peace to Congo-Leopoldville and aid to its legal government." It was the first kind African word for Moise Tshombe in a long time...
Judicial Lobbying. At first glance, C.C.C.L. might seem devoid of any right to argue a case to which it is not remotely a party. Originally, an amicus was simply a bystanding lawyer who offered a judge neutral legal advice. But as more and more private lawsuits began to affect public interests, amid became advocates, largely in appellate courts, for otherwise unrepresented third parties-business, labor, the states, even Congress. Today, amicus briefs may sometimes dwarf the arguments of nominal litigants-and be welcomed by courts as clarifiers of widely competing interests...
Important Irrelevancies. But the court does welcome artful amid and occasionally solicits Government briefs that truly ventilate legal issues. If the main parties lack legal talent, the court's ultimate opinion may even sound remarkably like the amicus brief-a type of plagiarism that amicus groups prize and proudly report to their members. Most often, amid do the valuable chore of arguing novel or shaky points that litigants either dare not or do not think to embrace. Even when they are initially rejected, such arguments are thus recorded and may later bear fruit. In 1950, for example, the N.A.A.C.P...
...series of legal steps-including public hearing in Mississippi and other parts of the country-will keep the dispute from Congress until late June or early July. Then the MFDP, withe the aid of the student lobbyists, hopes to out the congressmen and thereby compel new Mississippi elections...