Word: legalizes
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...Britain, martial law was abolished in 1628, though in modern times the government has occasionally invoked emergency regulations, particularly in the colonies-"in accordance," as one British legal expert put it, "with the standard of civilization of the states involved." Thus district commissioners sometimes had the power to administer justice, and preventive detention laws became part of the heritage of colonialism. Emergency powers, first enacted in 1920, were given the army in Northern Ireland in 1973. But at home the British did not use martial law even during the worst days of the World Wars. Their view, at least since...
...emergency or a state of siege, and more comprehensive than a suspension of habeas corpus or an imposition of preventive detention. It is both a political and a psychological device, which implies that authority begins at the trigger of a gun. In effect, says Farooq Hassan, a Pakistani legal scholar now teaching at American University in Washington, B.C., "martial law is a political weapon to show the public that, no matter how unpopular the regime in power, it still has the support of the army...
...siege following the 1973 overthrow of Marxist President Salvador Allende, an estimated 33,000 people disappeared or were killed. Pakistan is ruled by a "martial law administrator," General Zia ul-Haq, though his ministries are now headed by civilians. Nigeria, Ghana and Sudan all have military regimes, but normal legal institutions are still working. Even in Idi Amin's Uganda, civilian courts operate, though judges ruling contrary to Big Daddy's wishes could well end up floating down the Nile...
...neither does the populace enjoy most of the rights that could be jeopardized by martial law. In the Soviet Union, civilian authority as embodied in the Communist Party is all-powerful. The country has an intricate court system, and much attention is paid to what is called "socialist legality," but this is not to be confused with the Western concept of the rule of law. As the founder of Stalin's legal system, Andrei Vyshinsky, wrote in 1937: "The formal law is subordinate to the law of the Revolution." This helpful dictum enables the party to interfere selectively with...
...ends, some positive action is also essential. If the U.S. is to be assured of energy for the future, the present nuclear licensing process must be sensibly simplified. It is a byzantine snarl that Boston Attorney Thomas Dignan describes as "a full-employment bill for lawyers." Dignan's legal work for the Seabrook plant has generated a 5-ft. shelf of transcripts from a state hearing, 20 3-in.-thick volumes of applications to the federal Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 13,522 pages of transcripts from the NRC hearings, a 5-ft. shelf of papers filed before...