Word: lenders
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...result was a parallel system almost as big as the banking system that had none of its post-Depression stabilizing pillars: no deposit insurance, no access to the lender of last resort, no resolution regime and only a patchworky, inadequate framework of restraints for risk-taking. In the old system, Americans' deposits in regular banks financed the system. In the shadow banking system, Americans' deposits in money market funds provided the asset anchor. As AIG teetered on the brink in mid-September, a run began by institutional investors on the money market funds...
...funds usually reserved for currency stabilization. The AIG and Merrill Lynch interventions were attempts to dissolve failing companies in an orderly fashion without panic, as was the Wachovia bailout. The opening of the discount window to investment banks was the first effort to provide access to a lender of last resort. As for regulation, that will have to be something the Fed, Treasury, SEC and Congress tackle after the crisis crests...
This week's moves fit the pattern. But they also show just how far the crisis has spread. The decision to shore up commercial paper will allow companies that are unable to borrow money from either the shadow or the real banking system to have access to the lender of last resort (the government), ensuring that credit still moves in the system - hopefully. And the $700 million program Paulson is steaming ahead with will allow for the clearing of bad loans, and inevitably the orderly failure of companies that invested too heavily in them...
Fortunately, that sort of panic - which brought down British lender Northern Rock a year ago - was the exception. But the loss of confidence underlying it is every banker's worst nightmare - and every bank regulator's, too. At Bradford & Bingley, staff were given forms to hand out to customers explaining what had happened and why their money was safe. Elsewhere, it was national authorities who sought to reassure, most notably in Ireland, where the government announced an unprecedented $560 billion guarantee to cover the deposits and debts of the nation's six biggest banks for the next two years...
...straits. Out of India's middle class of about 90 million people, some 20-30 million have taken on more debt than they can handle, he estimates. Rising rates of loan defaults appear to back up the claim. For example, nonperforming assets at ICICI Bank, India's largest private lender, rose to 1.8% of total assets in the quarter ending in June, compared with 1.35% a year earlier...