Word: leninism
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...food and clothing, the nonexistence of domestic plumbing and heating and the almost complete absence of entertainment. Sidney Monas, professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, describes Raisa's paper, a synopsis of which is available at the Library of Congress as well as the Lenin Library in Moscow, as "slightly better than average, not altogether unorthodox, but with some distinct liberal tendencies." She pioneered sociological survey methods at a time when sociology was not considered a proper field of study in the Soviet Union. For example, she found that the lower a peasant's education level...
...Raisa's disadvantages is the lack of precedent. Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya was similarly well educated and strong willed. But she was a prominent revolutionary before she married and never played the part of First Lady. Contemporary examples elsewhere in the Communist world are uninspiring: in Rumania Nicolae Ceausescu's widely reviled wife Elena; in China the disgraced Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's widow. Leonid Brezhnev's daughter Galina, once hailed as the East bloc's answer to Jacqueline Kennedy, later achieved notoriety by associating with shady characters...
...themselves confined to low-paying positions and are noticeably absent from management posts. In the Communist Party, they make up 29% of the membership, but no woman sits in the ruling 13-member Politburo and less than a dozen in the 307-member Central Committee. Almost 60 years ago, Lenin described the woman's lot as "barbarously unproductive, petty, nerve-racking, crushing drudgery." Not much has changed...
...elusive to most Soviet women as the pomp of the royal family is to most Britons. Hailed abroad as the new Soviet woman, Mrs. Gorbachev is perceived as her country's first female superstar since the days of Alexandra Kollantai and Inessa Armand, both early feminists, and Nadezhda Krupskaya, Lenin's wife, more than a half- century...
Help may be on the way. Mikhail Gorbachev, perhaps prodded by his wife, is taking a more active interest in women's issues than any other Soviet leader since Lenin. His concern may be largely pragmatic. He knows that Soviet women, despite their subordinate status, generally control the household purse strings, taking charge of the husband's paycheck and handing him back a small weekly allowance. If Gorbachev is to introduce price reforms and alter spending habits, he will need the cooperation of women. He has already eased in some reforms that should make life easier. The average minimum wage...