Word: leninism
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...force of the Bolshevik Revolution. But by the late 1920s, the Left Front movement, which included filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, had turned to a more accessible and representational art. Before long, Gustav Klutsis and Alexander Gerasimov had perfected the stiffly staged portraits - as reverential as old Russian icons - that mythologized Lenin and glorified Stalin. The familiar Gerasimov portrait of Stalin, looking kindly as a schoolmaster with outstretched hand and twinkle in his eye, found its way into millions of Soviet homes. Thus was mass art invented with a simple switch of artistic purpose: the artist was no longer meant to create...
...years later, Sitte denounced this style and swore allegiance to the party line. He enjoyed a successful career as East Germany's top artist and president of the Artists' Federation of the G.D.R. (He also worked with the Stasi secret police to denounce colleagues.) His 1969 painting of Lenin, Hommage à Lenin, reflects the shift: it is a bombastic explosion of color, celebrating Lenin at a time when the Soviet Union was despised by the people of Eastern Europe. By the 1980s, the end of the regime was nearing. Cornelia Schleime, a former singer in a Dresden punk band...
...just on remote islands in the White Sea or the permafrost of the Far North. There were camps in the center of Moscow, too. In the early 1950s, for example, some 12,000 men and women - a mix of political prisoners and criminals - worked in Stroilag in the Lenin Hills, a beauty spot overlooking the capital, building parts of Moscow State University and other academic institutions. Elsewhere in the city, prisoners built ports, airfields, homes and even dachas in the élite villages of Barvikha and Zhukovka, now the preserve of Russia's new rich. Alexander Solzhenitsyn served part...
...after the war, he discovers his gift for rabble-rousing. He is an artist of grievance, and in bitter, between-the-wars Germany, that is enough to gain power--that, plus luck and savvy p.r. (which includes trimming his mustache so that his look will be memorable, as Lenin...
...tell this story was step by step, even if that meant contradictions," he says during an interview in the office of the grand Left Bank apartment he shares with his wife, the actress and singer Arielle Dombasle. Beside his couch sits a large hollow bronze head of Lenin, its hinged temples left open to show nothing inside, as if to demonstrate Lévy's keen distaste for dogma of whatever kind. "In an obscure affair like this one, there is no final truth," he says. "It was important that the author, who was searching and sometime erring, be present...