Word: less
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...entertainment programs than do U.S. networks. But as soon as Britain's commercial channel went into business three years ago, its lower-brow fare began to take the bulk of Britain's "telly" viewers away from BBC. To meet the competition, BBC itself has lately turned to less cerebral programing, including plenty of U.S. westerns. The fact remains that ITV furnishes a striking example that a TV network can be run for profit without giving the advertiser control of the programs. British sponsors buy time on ITV as advertisers buy space in newspapers, can choose their time...
Underdog Biology. Biochemistry and other biological sciences are even less favored. Biochemists work in poorly equipped laboratories, and most of their meager funds are allocated to practical projects related to public health. There is little opportunity for basic research or the pursuit of promising but distant goals. Said Harvard's Bacteriologist Bernard Davis: "The Russians take planning seriously. A committee of elders decided what problems need solving this year...
...scientists note with mixed feelings the high social status of their Soviet colleagues. Top Russian scientists live like top U.S. business executives, with city apartments, houses in the country, chauffeur-driven cars and servants. Their U.S. counterpart often earns less than the plumber who cleans his drains. Even low-ranking Russian scientists get all sorts of special privileges. Scientists, for instance, do not queue up like common people; they go right to the head of the line, and nobody objects...
...follow their favorite projects as U.S. scientists are. Said Physicist Robert Erode of the University of California at Berkeley: "People can compartmentalize their minds. The argument that there can be no creative science in a restricted society has not held water." Most U.S. visitors agree that Russian scientists are less restricted by political ideology than by the rigid hierarchies of the institutes where they work (which are outgrowths of ideology). "The director is boss," said one of them, "and the younger men tremble when they come to see him." The hierarchal power of the senior scientists sometimes keeps younger...
Industrial Production. Since 1947, the volume of production from U.S. factories and mines has been through three separate phases. Up until 1953, the period influenced by the Korean war, it expanded at a rate of 5% a year. From then until mid-1957 it grew less rapidly-at a rate of less than 2% a year. But from mid-1957 until mid-1959 it expanded at a rate of 3.5% a year. This last rate corresponds precisely to an average increase from 1909 to 1957 of 3.5% a year...