Word: lessness
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...much power should a President have to commit the U.S. overseas? The answer is less than clear. Most Presidents, afraid that too many restrictions would tie their hands in relations with foreign governments, interpret their mandate as broadly as possible. As a result of the nation's experience in Viet Nam, however, there is a move in Congress to narrow the presidential reach. Indeed, Idaho's Senator Frank Church has gone so far as to warn that U.S. presidential power is leading toward "Cae-sarism." "The Roman Caesars," he told his colleagues recently, "did not spring full blown...
Burden of Proof. The 1965 statute was passed because the case-by-case enforcement suits initiated under earlier civil rights acts had proved inadequate to overcome Southern resistance to Negro voting. The law banned literacy tests in seven states where less than half the voting-age population was registered. It also allowed the Attorney General to assign federal examiners to observe elections in counties covered by the act. Most important, it forbade the affected states and counties to adopt new voting laws and procedures without the approval of the U.S. Attorney General, and thus placed on the states the burden...
Despite this, the seasonal and sporadic nature of the work keeps total income far below the poverty level. Average family income is less than $1,600 a year. There is no job security, and fringe benefits are few. If they are migrants, the workers must frequently live in fetid shacks without light or plumbing (though housing, bad as it is, is frequently free or very cheap.) As a result, many have moved to the cities, where even unskilled labor can find work at decent wages...
...last the union felt strong enough to tackle the growers on a substantive issue. In 1964, the N.F.W.A. took one employer to court for paying less than the then minimum wage of $1.25 per hour, and after months of wrangling, won the case. The amounts of money gained were small but the point was made: a boss could be beaten. Then the association sued the Tulare County housing authority over the rents and conditions at two labor camps, built in the late 1930s and intended to be used for only a few years. The camps were a hideous collection...
...overwhelming majority work as unskilled or semiskilled labor in factories and packing plants, or in service jobs as maids, waitresses, yard boys and deliverymen. Particularly in Texas, Mexican Americans sometimes get less pay than others for the same work. Even the few who have some education do not escape discrimination. Chicano women find that jobs as public contacts at airline ticket counters are rarely open; they are welcome as switchboard operators out of the public eye. Mexican-American men who work in banks are assigned to the less fashionable branches. Promotions come slowly, responsibility hardly ever...