Word: liang
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...Manchus who had ruled China for more than two centuries allied themselves with older members of the elite to suppress the younger scholars. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and other activists who advocated rapid and thorough overhaul of China's government were in exile...
Prior to his exile in Japan. Liang had taught traditional Chinese studies, but his exposure to the West had alrady convinced him that the key to the Western ability to impose its military and technological might on China lay in Western philosophy. In Japan, Liang had ample opportunity to further his studies of Western philosophy, and he became an editorialist with great influence throughout China and among the overseas Chinese...
...Chang's Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China is an outgrowth of his Ph.D. thesis. Nevertheless, it reads smoothly and does not attempt to overburden the reader with the useless facts or to overawe him with the writer's analytical skills. The author has attempted to show how currents of Western and traditional Chinese thought clashed in Liang's mind. Liang did not merely substitute Western ideas for those already present in the Chinese tradition. Liang would accept a particular Western idea, but he was perfectly willing to discard that idea if he found an element...
...LIANG'S MAJOR concern was the danger of foreign imperialism rather than the individual liberties of the citizen. Liang favored a collectivist democracy of the type which the author compares to the Greek polis in which--unlike the 19th century liberal democracies--the needs of the multitude took precedence over those of the individual...
...light of China's weakness at the turn of the Twentieth Century, Liang believed that a liberal republican government achieved by revolutionary means, as favored by his rival Sun Yat-sen, would be a disastrous failure. According to Liang, China had no tradition of "enlightened self-interest" among all its people that would promote the public good...