Word: linearly
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...quoted ambition: "I want to paint things that knock holes in walls." But even then he was also painting Midwestern wheatland themes, and he soon changed his politics, his subject matter and his style of painting. Then came the Joe Jones of the more familiar style-the linear clarity that has something of a Japanese feeling to it. Jones, a highly articulate fellow, says that he is "really interested in creating space, not objects...
...Latimer), by coating thin nickel foil with a circular film of artificial californium (element 98) only one-tenth of an inch in diameter. Placed in a container filled with helium gas, this tiny target was bombarded by a beam of boron nuclei from the lab's heavy-ion linear accelerator. Most of the boron bullets missed, but a few scored a bull's-eye on californium nuclei. Atoms formed by the combination of californium and boron bounced off the nickel foil, were slowed by collision with helium atoms and were picked up by a copper conveyor belt...
...same method to human education, Skinner argued that any subject with a logical structure can be "taught in half the time with half the effort." Skinner first did it himself in 1957 by programing a Harvard course in human behavior. Now the best-known programing approach, Skinner's linear method breaks a subject into small "frames" with write-in answer blanks, followed by correct answers...
...Linear Y. Branching. Skinnerians have proved something, but not to the satisfaction of a rival school of anti-behavioral programers led by Psychologist Norman A. Crowder of U.S. Industries' Western Design & Electronics division in Santa Barbara, Calif. While Skinner deplores multiple-choice questions because they contain "plausible" errors that students may remember, Crowder bases his whole approach on multiple choices. Instead of small steps, Crowder programs big chunks of information followed by a question with alternate answers. Choosing a right answer wins the student an advanced frame; a wrong answer sends him to a remedial frame with an explanation...
...then sent scurrying to widely scattered pages throughout the book. This is the "branching" technique, which Crowder developed as an Air Force psychologist while tutoring technicians in troubleshooting on 8-47 bombsights. Crowder believes that his method is better fitted to individuals than Skinner's somewhat Orwellian linear system. Crowder's method is demonstrably effective in such problem-solving areas as labor-management relations...