Word: liquidity
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Surgeons listened in wonderment when Dr. Irving S. Cooper first described his "ice scalpel" and a new way to shoot liquid nitrogen through the brain to freeze part of the thalamus as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (TIME, July 6, 1962). Now, Dr. Cooper's cold is surgery's hottest technique - a tool for treating a dozen or more conditions in all parts of the body...
Called cryosurgery, from the Greek kryos (cold or frost), the new method actually involves neither ice nor scalpel. The surgeon inserts a thin cannula (tube) that kills offending tissue with liquid nitrogen's intense cold (- 196° C., or 321° below zero F.). Usually no tissue is actually removed, and the body's natural clean-up system removes the debris. Virtually bloodless and almost painless, cryosurgery can be done on patients who remain fully conscious or only lightly anesthetized. In some cases cryosurgery is used only to relieve symptoms, but in others it achieves actual cures. Among...
Stiff Tonic. Miles got started on all this activity as the result of a king-sized headache of its own. Founded in 1884 by Elkhart Physician Franklin Miles, who started off with a liquid sedative known as Dr. Miles' Nervine, Miles remained a small company until the early 1930s, when it brought out Alka-Seltzer. Though archrival Bromo-Seltzer had already been marketing an effervescent powder for years, Alka-Seltzer soon moved ahead to become a dyspeptic nation's favorite (it now outsells Bromo-Seltzer 4 to 1). After packaging powdered coffee and lemon mix for K-rations...
...tubes of heat-resistant nickel alloy, the fuel is mixed with zirconium hydride, which acts as a moderator, slowing down the high-energy neutrons released by fissioning atoms of U 235. The heat of the reactor is carried away by a sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) that turns to liquid at 48°F. A beryllium reflector 2½ in. thick bounces escaping neutrons back into the uranium and keeps the reactor operating. When four openings in the reflector are uncovered, neutrons leak away, slowing or stopping the nuclear reaction...
...finished and checked, a pair of railroad locomotives will pick it up between them and lug it to the next building down the line, the SMAB (Solid Motor Assembly Building). At this point, solid fuel motors of varying degrees of thrust will be strapped onto the sides of the liquid-fueled Titan...